DC-to-DC converters are electronic circuits or devices that convert a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. They are widely used in power supplies, battery-operated devices, renewable energy systems, and other applications where efficient voltage regulation is required.

 Types of DC-DC Converters:-1. Buck Converter (Step-Down Converter) 2. Boost Converter (Step-Up Converter) 3. Buck-Boost Converter 4. Fly back Converter 5. Cuk Converter 6. SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter) 7. Push-Pull Converter 

Applications: – 1.Portable electronics (smart phones, laptops). 2. Renewable energy systems (solar MPPT). 3. Electric vehicles & battery management. 4. Industrial power supplies.